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protocol_lookup · 8 sources

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TA1: Mechanistic OverviewHigh Confidence
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TA1 (Thymosin alpha-1) is an immunomodulatory peptide used clinically in several countries for immune support and as an adjunct in infection and oncology settings. Mechanism: enhances T-cell maturation and dendritic-cell function and modulates innate/adaptive immunity. Relevance: chronic infection and immune-dysregulation contexts. Safety: relatively well tolerated where approved; status varies by jurisdiction. Background for provider review only — not a treatment recommendation or dosing guidance.
Selank: Mechanistic Overview — regulatory claimHigh Confidence
Expert protocol reference · evidence_claim
Selank is a synthetic analog of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, approved in Russia for anxiety; Western evidence is limited.
LL-37 (Cathelicidin): Mechanistic OverviewModerate Confidence
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LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide and a central effector of innate immunity. It is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the hCAP18 precursor and is expressed by neutrophils, epithelial cells, and macrophages. Mechanism. LL-37 disrupts microbial membranes through electrostatic interaction with anionic phospholipids, giving broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal, and some antiviral activity. Beyond direct killing, it is strongly immunomodulatory: it neutralizes lipopolysaccharide, recruits immune cells via formyl peptide receptors, and influences cytokine signaling. It also has reported roles in angiogenesis and re-epithelialization during wound healing, and may interfere with bacterial biofilm formation. Relevance. In complex chronic illness, interest centers on its antimicrobial and biofilm-modulating properties and its position at the interface of host defense and inflammation. Vitamin D status is a known upstream regulator of cathelicidin expression. Safety considerations. LL-37 is context dependent and can be pro-inflammatory at higher local concentrations; it has been associated with mast cell activation and may aggravate certain inflammatory dermatoses. It should be considered carefully in patients with mast cell activation patterns. This summary is mechanistic background for provider review and is not a treatment recommendation or dosing guidance.
DSIP: Mechanistic OverviewModerate Confidence
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DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) is an endogenous neuropeptide associated with sleep modulation and stress resilience. Mechanism: incompletely understood; reported effects on sleep architecture, the HPA axis, and pain modulation. Relevance: sleep disturbance and dysautonomia-adjacent presentations. Safety: human evidence limited. Mechanistic background for provider review only — not a treatment recommendation or dosing guidance.
P21: Mechanistic OverviewModerate Confidence
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P21 (P021) is a neurotrophic peptide derived from a CNTF fragment, studied preclinically for neurogenesis and cognition. Mechanism: reported BDNF pathway activation and reduction of tau pathology in animal models. Relevance: neurocognitive and neuroinflammatory contexts. Safety: preclinical only; no established human data. Mechanistic background for provider review only — not a treatment recommendation or dosing guidance.
BPC-157: Preclinical Tissue-Repair ProfileModerate Confidence
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BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a sequence identified in human gastric juice. The evidence base is predominantly preclinical (rodent models), with limited controlled human data. Mechanism. Reported effects in animal studies include promotion of angiogenesis, modulation of growth factor pathways (including VEGF signaling), upregulation of the nitric oxide system, and effects on fibroblast migration. These have been associated in models with accelerated healing of tendon, ligament, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissue, and with cytoprotective effects on the gut lining. Relevance. Interest in chronic illness contexts relates to gut barrier integrity and connective-tissue repair. Because the human evidence base is thin, claims should be framed as preclinical and hypothesis-generating. Safety and regulatory considerations. Human safety data are limited and the regulatory status varies by jurisdiction; it is not an approved drug in many regions. Sourcing and purity are practical concerns. This summary organizes mechanistic and preclinical background for provider review and does not constitute a treatment recommendation or dosing guidance.
Epitalon: Mechanistic OverviewModerate Confidence
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Epitalon (epithalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide modeled on the pineal peptide epithalamin, associated with Khavinson's bioregulator research. Mechanism: reported telomerase modulation and circadian/melatonin-axis effects, predominantly in animal and limited human studies of Russian origin. Relevance: sleep/circadian and longevity-oriented contexts. Safety: Western peer-reviewed evidence is limited. Mechanistic background for provider review only — not a treatment recommendation or dosing guidance.
LL-37 (Cathelicidin): Mechanistic Overview — mechanism claimModerate Confidence
Expert protocol reference · evidence_claim
Beyond direct killing, it is strongly immunomodulatory: it neutralizes lipopolysaccharide, recruits immune cells via formyl peptide receptors, and influences cytokine signaling.