BPC-157 — Peptide Protocol Wiki reference
patient_educationexpert_opinion · status: needs_provider_reviewDetails
Summary (generated — provider review required)
BPC-157 Peptide: Complete Research Guide to the Body Protection Compound | Peptide Protocol Wiki Skip to main content 🧬 Peptide Protocol Wiki Peptides Side Effects New Learn Directory Tools Blog News About ⌘K ⌘K 🌱 New to Peptides? Start the 7-step beginner guide Peptides Side Effects New Directory Learn Tools Blog News About BPC-157 📋 Overview 🧬 Molecule 🔄 Similar ⚠️ Side Effects 💉 Dosing 🔬 Research 🚨 Risks 👥 Community 📊 Community Data Home Peptides BPC-157 Healing & Tissue Repair Brain & Neuroprotection preclinical BPC-157 Also known as: Body Protection Compound-157, Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, PL-14736, Bepecin Compare with 5 peptide s Research compiled by Peptide Protocol Wiki 📅 Updated March 7, 2026 Citations verified: January 10, 2024 Citations Verified January 10, 2024 TL;DR BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide consisting of 15 amino acids, derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice. It has been extensively studied in preclinical models for tissue healing across gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, neurological, and vascular systems.
The original source document remains the source of truth. Generated summaries are not authoritative.
Linked assets (9) · phenotypes (1)
evidence_reference, safety_reference, dosing_reference, mechanism, contraindication_reference
Phenotypes: connective_tissue
Findings (74) · awaiting review (46)
regulatory · pending
BPC-157 is not FDA-approved for any medical use.
mechanism · pending
This represents target-cell receptor sensitization rather than direct GH receptor agonism.
safety · pending
BPC-157 Peptide: Complete Research Guide to the Body Protection Compound | Peptide Protocol Wiki Skip to main content 🧬 Peptide Protocol Wiki Peptides Side Effects New Learn Directory Tools Blog News About ⌘K ⌘K 🌱 New to Peptides?
dosing · pending
Start the 7-step beginner guide Peptides Side Effects New Directory Learn Tools Blog News About BPC-157 📋 Overview 🧬 Molecule 🔄 Similar ⚠️ Side Effects 💉 Dosing 🔬 Research 🚨 Risks 👥 Community 📊 Community Data Home Peptides BPC-157 Healing & Tissue Repair Brain & Neuroprotection preclinical BPC-157 Also known as: Body Protection Compound-157, Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, PL-14736, Bepecin Compare with 5 peptide s Research compiled by Peptide Protocol Wiki 📅 Updated March 7, 2026 Citations verified: January 10, 2024 Citations Verified January 10, 2024 TL;DR BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide consisting of 15 amino acids, derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice.
mechanism · pending
BPC-157 acts primarily through the VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS axis to promote angiogenesis and tissue repair, with additional effects on nitric oxide signaling, growth hormone receptor expression, and FAK-paxillin cell migration pathways.
safety · pending
Browse all healing peptides → Table of Contents 📌 TL;DR • Promotes angiogenesis through VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS axis activation in preclinical models • Demonstrates gastrointestinal protective and healing effects across multiple animal models • Accelerates tendon, ligament, and musculoskeletal repair in rodent studies • Modulates nitric oxide signaling bidirectionally, normalizing both NOS inhibition and overstimulation • Shows stability in gastric acid, supporting oral administration research • Generally well-tolerated in animal studies and limited human safety data Community-Reported Side Effects Anecdotal ?
dosing · pending
📋 Protocol Quick-Reference Tissue healing and injury recovery 💉 Dosing Amount 250-500 mcg Frequency Twice daily (morning and evening) Duration 4-6 weeks 💊 Administration Route SC Schedule Twice daily (morning and evening) Timing Morning and evening, approximately 12 hours apart; can be injected near injury site for localized effect 📅 Cycle Duration 4-6 weeks Repeatable Yes Preparation & Storage Diluent: Bacteriostatic water Storage: Lyophilized powder: Store at -20°C.
contraindication · pending
bolic Panel) When: Baseline Why: Liver and kidney function baseline CBC When: 4 weeks Why: Monitor for any changes CMP When: 4 weeks Why: Monitor liver and kidney function Liver enzymes (ALT, AST) When: Ongoing Why: Elevation above 3x upper limit of normal ⚠️ Elevation above 3x upper limit of normal 💡 Key Considerations → Can be injected near the site of injury for localized effect → No fasting required → Contraindication: Avoid in active cancer or pregnancy due to angiogenic potential; not approved for human use Subscribe to unlock this content Get weekly peptide research summaries, new study alerts, and protocol updates — free.
outcome · pending
Restore access No thanks, continue reading Related Reading Peptide TB500 thymosin beta-4 healing peptide Peptide GHK-Cu copper peptide for tissue repair Peptide KPV anti-inflammatory peptide How BPC-157 works at the cellular level Overview of BPC-157 benefits and applications Scientific Details Molecular Formula C62H98N16O22 Molecular Weight 1419.53 Da CAS Number 137525-51-0 Sequence Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val What Is BPC-157?
regulatory · pending
This guide provides a comprehensive overview of BPC-157 peptide research, including its mechanism of action, therapeutic applications across body systems, regulatory status, and what the current evidence does and does not support.
dosing · pending
Property Details Full name Body Protection Compound-157 Amino acid sequence GEPPPGKPADDAGLV (15 amino acids) Molecular weight 1,419.53 Da Molecular formula C62H98N16O22 CAS number 137525-51-0 Origin Fragment of human gastric juice protein Research status Preclinical (limited Phase 1 human data) Regulatory status Category 1 bulk drug substance (compoundable, as of Feb 2026) Administration routes studied Subcutaneous, intraper
mechanism · pending
itoneal, oral, topical, intra-articular BPC-157 Mechanism of Action # BPC-157 is a pleiotropic peptide with predominantly endothelial and cytoprotective actions.
mechanism · pending
Rather than binding a single canonical receptor, BPC-157's effects converge on angiogenic signaling, nitric oxide (NO) modulation, cytoskeletal/migratory programs, and barrier stabilization.
mechanism · pending
A broad receptor binding screen reported no direct pharmacological affinity for classical neurotransmitter receptor families, supporting an indirect or upstream modulatory mode of action.
safety · pending
However, rigorous long-term safety data in humans is not available, and pharmacokinetics remain poorly characterized given that plasma levels were frequently below detection limits.
mechanism · pending
VEGF-VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS Axis # The primary signaling pathway through which BPC-157 promotes tissue healing involves vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor system: VEGF/VEGFR upregulation : BPC-157 upregulates VEGF-A and VEGFR1/VEGFR2, rapidly inducing VEGFR2 phosphorylation with receptor internalization.
outcome · pending
BPC-157 decreases eNOS-Caveolin-1 binding (releasing eNOS), consistent with increased NO bioactivity.
outcome · pending
Context dependence : In clopidogrel-impaired angiogenesis models, BPC-157 increased VEGF-A/VEGFR1 and AKT phosphorylation while inactivating p38/ERK MAPKs.
mechanism · pending
Nitric Oxide System Modulation # A distinctive featur
outcome · pending
e of BPC-157 is its bidirectional normalization of the NO system: BPC-157 counteracts both NOS inhibition (e.g., L-NAME) and NOS overstimulation (e.g., L-arginine), normalizing tissue NO levels while suppressing free radical formation across ischemia/reperfusion and other injury models Effects include protection from thrombosis/arrhythmias and improved perfusion linked to collateral vessel recruitment The Src-Caveolin-1-eNOS signaling pathway is engaged to modulate vasomotor tone and collateral recruitment Cell Migration and Tissue Repair Pathways # BPC-157 activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, promoting fibroblast outgrowth and migration.
outcome · pending
In tendon fibroblasts, BPC-157 upregulates growth hormone receptor (GHR) mRNA and protein, potentiating GH-induced JAK2 phosphorylation and increasing proliferation.
outcome · pending
Platelet Function and Hemostasis # BPC-157 improves thrombocyte function and reduces bleeding or thrombosis manifestations in vivo while standard coagulation parameters remain unaffected, implying modulation of platelet activation/adhesion or endothelial-platelet interactions rather than direct effects on the coagulation cascade.
mechanism · pending
Pathway Primary Targets Effect Evidence Context VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS VEGF-A, VEGFR
dosing · pending
2, AKT, eNOS Angiogenesis activation HUVECs, rodent ischemia models Src-Caveolin-1-eNOS Src kinase, Caveolin-1, eNOS Vasomotor modulation Vascular/ischemia models NO system eNOS/nNOS, tissue NO, ROS Bidirectional normalization L-NAME/L-arginine rodent models FAK-paxillin FAK, paxillin, cytoskeleton Cell migration promotion Tendon fibroblast assays GH receptor GHR expression, JAK2 Receptor sensitization Human tendon fibroblasts in vitro BPC-157 Research by Body System # Gastrointestinal Healing # The gastrointestinal tract is the origin tissue for BPC-157 and the most extensively studied application: Colonic ischemia-reperfusion : Topical BPC-157 (10 mcg/kg) rapidly restored microvascular perfusion in rat models, reducing ischemic pale area from 86% to 10% within 15 minutes, with normalization of tissue malondialdehyde and NO levels (Sikiric P et al.
dosing · pending
In human Phase 1 studies, oral dosing showed no quantifiable plasma levels, raising questions about systemi
outcome · pending
In rectovaginal fistula models, all BPC-157-treated rats showed no fecal leakage versus persistent leakage in controls Intestinal anastomosis : Across multiple rat models, BPC-157 accelerated revascularization, recruited collaterals, preserved mucosa, and reduced adhesions (Sikiric P et al.
dosing · pending
2013 [animal model]; PMID 24304574) 1 Ulcerative colitis : A small multicenter RCT (n=53) using 80 mg BPC-157 enema daily for two weeks rep
outcome · pending
orted decreases in Disease Activity Index versus placebo, though full results have not been posted publicly (magnitude not quantified in published reports) Tendon and Ligament Repair # BPC-157 has shown consistent effects on connective tissue healing in rodent models: After rat medial collateral ligament transection, BPC-157 restored biomechanical properties toward normal by day 14: breaking force ~34.1 N, elongation ~2.3 mm, absorbed energy ~34.8 N-mm, stiffness ~20.3 N/mm Macroscopic fiber organization normalized and inflammatory markers decreased In vitro, BPC-157 increased tendon fibroblast growth hormone receptor expression, supporting enhanced proliferation when combined with GH (Chang CH et al.
dosing · pending
2014 [in vitro]; PMID 25415472) 2 A 2025 systematic review of 36 studies (35 preclinical, 1 clinical) confirmed consistent improvement in functional, structural, and biomechanical outcomes across muscle, tendon, ligament, and bony injury models Neurological and Spinal Cord Injury # In rat spinal cord compression, a single dose of BPC-157 (2 or 200 mcg/kg) 10 minutes post-injury produced consistent functional recovery: improved tail motor scores, resolved spasticity by day 15, and prevented autotomy Histology showed markedly fewer vacuoles and necrosis in white and gray matter BPC-157 counteracted cuprizone-induced brain demyelination and motor disability in rodent models (Sikiric P et al.
dosing · pending
Phase 1 rectal PK : 32 healthy males in a single-blind, placebo-controlled rectal dosing study.
safety · pending
Good tolerability with most plasma concentrations below the assay's lower limit of quantification.
outcome · pending
physiological data indicate normalization across dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, and adrenergic systems, the absence of direct receptor binding suggests upstream vascular/cytoprotective mechanisms mediate these effects Wound Healing and Skin # In rat alkali-burn models, topical BPC-157 (200-800 ng/mL) accelerated wound closure to 77-82% by day 18 versus 60% in controls, matching or approaching bFGF Histology showed superior granulation, re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and increased VEGF-A expression In HUVECs, BPC-157 increased proliferation, migration, and tube formation via ERK1/2 signaling Ocular Protection # In rat glaucoma models, BPC-157 given as eye drops, intraperitoneally, or orally immediately normalized intraocular pressure, reversed mydriasis, and preserved retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve thickness, and fundus vessel appearance, both prophylactically and when started 24 hours post-injury.
outcome · pending
Additional Applications # Stress urinary incontinence : BPC-157 restored leak-point pressure to near-healthy values in female rat models with higher desmin, SMA positivity, and increased CD34+ vessel density Analgesia : Short-lived antinociceptive effects observed in rat incisional and formalin pain models, with shorter duration than morphine BPC-157 Oral vs Injectable Research # A distinguishing feature of BPC-157 compared to most research peptides is its reported stability in gastric acid, consistent
dosing · pending
Both oral and injectable (subcutaneous, intraperitoneal) administration routes have shown efficacy in animal studies: Oral administration : BPC-157 is consistently described as stable in human gastric juice and freely soluble in water at pH 7.0.
dosing · pending
Animal studies have used oral doses (typically 10 mcg/kg in drinking water at 0.16 mcg/mL) with reported therapeutic effects across GI, musculoskeletal, and other models.
dosing · pending
However, human Phase 1 data showed no quantifiable BPC-157 in plasma or urine after oral dosing, raising significant questions about systemic bioavailability .
dosing · pending
Injectable administration : Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes have been the most common in animal studies, with doses typically ranging from 10 ng/kg to 10 mcg/kg.
outcome · pending
Key uncertainty : The discrepancy between robust oral efficacy in animal studies and undetectable systemic levels in humans remains unexplained.
regulatory · pending
BPC-157 Regulatory Status (2026 Update) # BPC-157's regulatory history has been dynamic: Pre-2023 : BPC-157 was available as a research chemical and through compounding pharmacies with physician prescription Late 2023 : The FDA reclassified BPC-157 and 18 other peptides as Category 2 bulk drug substances, citing conce
regulatory · pending
announced that approximately 14 of the 19 restricted peptides, including BPC-157, would be reclassified from Category 2 back to Category 1, allowing licensed compounding pharmacies to prepare them with a physician prescription BPC-157 remains unapproved by the FDA for any specific medical indication.
Processing
Processed into 22 searchable sections.