Review findings

Restore access No thanks, continue reading Related Reading Peptide MOTS-c mitochondrial-derived metabolic peptide Peptide Cerebrolysin neuroprotective peptide mixture Article Mitochondrial Peptides: The Next Frontier in Longevity How SS-31 works at the cellular level Overview of SS-31 benefits and applications Scientific Details Molecular Formula C32H49N9O5 Molecular Weight 639.8 Da CAS Number 736992-21-5 Sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 What is SS-31? # SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide, Bendavia, and MTP-131) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide consisting of four amino acids arranged in an alternating aromatic-cationic motif: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, where Dmt represents 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine.

What are the benefits of SS-31?

Restore access No thanks, continue reading Related Reading Peptide MOTS-c mitochondrial-derived metabolic peptide Peptide Cerebrolysin neuroprotective peptide mixture Article Mitochondrial Peptides: The Next Frontier in Longevity How SS-31 works at the cellular level Overview of SS-31 benefits and applications Scientific Details Molecular Formula C32H49N9O5 Molecular Weight 639.8 Da CAS Number 736992-21-5 Sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 What is SS-31? # SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide, Bendavia, and MTP-131) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide consisting of four amino acids arranged in an alternating aromatic-cationic motif: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, where Dmt represents 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine.

Peptide Protocol Wiki February 17, 2026 FOXO4-DRI Epitalon SS-31 + 6 more Guide 12 min read Peptide Therapy for Brain Health: Neuroprotection, Cognition, and Recovery Comprehensive guide to peptides for brain health covering neurotrophic factors, neuroprotective agents, anxiolytics, and experimental cognitive enhancers.

Numerical improvements in six-minute walk test distance Demonstrated feasibility of mitochondrial targeting in genetically heterogeneous PMM population Well tolerated over 5-day IV treatment References # Related Reading # SS-31 research studies and evidence SS-31 dosing protocols SS-31 side effects profile SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review -- in-depth analysis of clinical trial data and the regulatory path forward Cerebrolysin rese

Report an Error Compare SS-31 with Other Peptides SS-31 vs MOTS-c SS-31 is the more clinically advanced mitochondrial peptide with Phase 3 data and clear therapeutic applications in mitochondrial diseases;

2018. ↩ ↩ 2 ↩ 3 Stay current on SS-31 research We summarize new studies, safety updates, and dosing insights — delivered biweekly.

Includes cerebrolysin, semax, selank, BPC-157, dihexa, pinealon, SS-31, and rapastinel.

The defining characteristic of SS-31 is its ability to selectively concentrate more than 1,000-fold within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), driven by electrostatic interaction between its positively charged residues and cardiolipin, a signature phospholipid of the IMM.

SS-31 (Elamipretide): Mitochondrial Peptide Guide | Peptide Protocol Wiki Skip to main content 🧬 Peptide Protocol Wiki Peptides Side Effects New Learn Directory Tools Blog News About ⌘K ⌘K 🌱 New to Peptides?

Mitochondrial & Cellular Energy Weight Loss & Metabolism MOTS-c MOTS-c: Mitochondrial-derived exercise mimetic peptide.

Great Northern Peptides 8 /10 International From $ 150.00 Oath Peptides 7.2 /10 US Domestic Toronto Peptides 7.1 /10 International From $ 100.00 Peptide Sciences 7 /10 US Domestic Performance Peptides Canada 7 /10 International Luxara Labs 6.9 /10 International View all 13 vendors → Explore Further Calculate SS-31 doses Pre-filled reconstitution and dose math for SS-31 New to peptides?

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review 14 min read Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Research review of anti-aging peptides organized by mechanism of action including senolytic peptides (FOXO4-DRI), telomere peptides (epitalon), mitochondrial peptides (SS-31, MOTS-c), tissue remodelers (GHK-Cu), and bioregulators (pinealon, thymalin).

Report an Error Compare SS-31 with Other Peptides SS-31 vs MOTS-c SS-31 is the more clinically advanced mitochondrial peptide with Phase 3 data and clear therapeutic applications in mitochondrial diseases;

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review 14 min read Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Research review of anti-aging peptides organized by mechanism of action including senolytic peptides (FOXO4-DRI), telomere peptides (epitalon), mitochondrial peptides (SS-31, MOTS-c), tissue remodelers (GHK-Cu), and bioregulators (pinealon, thymalin).

Cardiolipin Binding and Stabilization # The primary molecular target of SS-31 is cardiolipin, a unique diphosphatidylglycerol lipid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

By preserving cardiolipin integrity, SS-31 maintains the structural organization of ETC complexes and supercomplexes, thereby optimizing electron transfer efficiency and reducing electron leak that would otherwise generate additional ROS.

Specifically, SS-31 alters the interaction between cytochrome c and cardiolipin in a manner that preserves the electron carrier function of cytochrome c while inhibiting its peroxidase activity.

Peptide Protocol Wiki February 17, 2026 FOXO4-DRI Epitalon SS-31 + 6 more Guide 12 min read Peptide Therapy for Brain Health: Neuroprotection, Cognition, and Recovery Comprehensive guide to peptides for brain health covering neurotrophic factors, neuroprotective agents, anxiolytics, and experimental cognitive enhancers.

Heart Failure Studies # SS-31 has been evaluated in multiple clinical trials for heart failure.

Includes cerebrolysin, semax, selank, BPC-157, dihexa, pinealon, SS-31, and rapastinel.

Therapeutic Applications # The most advanced clinical application of SS-31 is in Barth syndrome, where the direct mechanistic rationale (correcting the consequences of defective cardiolipin remodeling) provides a strong biological basis for therapeutic intervention.

Definitive mapping of the 12 hallmarks of aging to specific peptide interventions including Epitalon, FOXO4-DRI, SS-31, MOTS-c, and NAD+.

In preclinical models of aging, SS-31 has demonstrated reversal of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction in the heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and brain, restoring function to levels more consistent with younger tissues.

The long-term safety profile of chronic SS-31 administration is still being characterized.

Includes cerebrolysin, semax, selank, BPC-157, dihexa, pinealon, SS-31, and rapastinel.

📋 Protocol Quick-Reference Mitochondrial protection and bioenergetic restoration (investigational, approved for Barth syndrome) 💉 Dosing Amount 40 mg subcutaneous daily (Phase 3 dose); or 5-10 mg daily (research community range) Frequency Once daily Duration 4-12 weeks (clinical trials); some research protocols use 4 weeks on, 2 weeks off 💊 Administration Route SC Schedule Once daily Timing Consistent time each day; no specific meal timing required ✓ Rotate injection sites 📅 Cycle Duration 4-12 weeks (clinical trials); some research protocols use 4 weeks on, 2 weeks off Rest Period 2 weeks off between cycles Repeatable Single cycle Preparation & Storage ✓ Ready-to-use — no reconstitution required Storage: Clinical trial supplies were stored under refrigerated conditions (2-8 degrees Celsius).

dose: 40 mg · cycle: 4 weeks on · route: subcutaneous · frequency: daily · reconstitution: reconstitution

Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy # A Phase 2 trial (Karaa A et al., 2018) 4 evaluated elamipretide (0.25 mg/kg daily IV) in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy due to nuclear or mitochondrial DNA mutations.

dose: 0.25 mg · route: IV · frequency: daily

Improvement in left ventricular end-systolic volume Trends toward improved cardiac output Supported mitochondrial targeting as a therapeutic strategy in heart failure Phase 2 Trial of Elamipretide in Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy , published in Neurology (Karaa A et al., 2018): Phase 2 trial evaluating 5 days of IV elamipretide (0.25 mg/kg daily) in patients with genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial myopathy.

dose: 0.25 mg · route: IV · frequency: daily

Well tolerated in acute cardiac care setting Phase 2 Trial of Elamipretide in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction , published in Circulation Heart Failure (Daubert MA et al., 2017): Phase 2 randomized trial evaluating 4 weeks of daily SC elamipretide (40 mg) in patients with HFrEF.

dose: 40 mg · frequency: daily

Trends toward improved six-minute walk test distance Statistically significant improvements in five-times sit-to-stand test Generally well tolerated with injection site reactions as most common AE EMBRACE STEMI: Evaluating Myocardial Effects of Bendavia for Reducing Reperfusion Injury in Patients with Acute Coronary Events , published in American Heart Journal (Gibson CM et al., 2016): Phase 2a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating single IV dose of elamipretide (0.25 mg/kg) in first-time STEMI patients undergoing PCI.

dose: 0.25 mg · route: IV

Key Research Findings # TAZPOWER: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial of Elamipretide in Barth Syndrome , published in Cardiology in the Young (Thompson WR et al., 2021): Pivotal Phase 3 crossover trial evaluating 40 mg daily SC elamipretide in 12 patients with genetically confirmed Barth syndrome.

dose: 40 mg · frequency: daily

l., 2017) 3 evaluated 4 weeks of subcutaneous elamipretide (40 mg) and demonstrated improvements in left ventricular end-systolic volume and trends toward improved cardiac output 3 .

dose: 40 mg · route: subcutaneous

The trial evaluated intravenous elamipretide administered as a single dose (0.25 mg/kg) at the time of reperfusion.

dose: 0.25 mg · route: intravenous

The trial (Thompson WR et al., 2021) 1 enrolled 12 patients with genetically confirmed Barth syndrome and evaluated subcutaneous elamipretide (40 mg/day) in two 12-week treatment periods separated by a washout period.

dose: 40 mg · route: subcutaneous

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SS-31 (Elamipretide): Mitochondrial Peptide Guide | Peptide Protocol Wiki Skip to main content 🧬 Peptide Protocol Wiki Peptides Side Effects New Learn Directory Tools Blog News About ⌘K ⌘K 🌱 New to Peptides?

Start the 7-step beginner guide Peptides Side Effects New Directory Learn Tools Blog News About SS-31 📋 Overview 🧬 Molecule 🔄 Similar ⚠️ Side Effects 💉 Dosing 🔬 Research 🚨 Risks 👥 Community 📊 Community Data Home Peptides SS-31 Mitochondrial & Cellular Energy Anti-Aging & Longevity Vascular & Cardiovascular approved SS-31 Also known as: Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131 Compare with 1 peptide Research compiled by Peptide Protocol Wiki 📅 Updated January 29, 2026 Citations Verified TL;DR SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding to cardiolipin.

Browse all mitochondrial peptides → Table of Contents 📌 TL;DR • Selectively targets inner mitochondrial membrane • Phase 3 trials for Barth syndrome (TAZPOWER) • Stabilizes cardiolipin and electron transport chain • Investigated for heart failure and age-related decline Community-Reported Side Effects Anecdotal ?

Numerical improvements in six-minute walk test distance Demonstrated feasibility of mitochondrial targeting in genetically heterogeneous PMM population Well tolerated over 5-day IV treatment References # Related Reading # SS-31 research studies and evidence SS-31 dosing protocols SS-31 side effects profile SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review -- in-depth analysis of clinical trial data and the regulatory path forward Cerebrolysin rese

What are the side effects of SS-31?

Reported side effects of SS-31 include injection site reaction, headache.

Most reported side effects are mild and transient.

Consult the detailed side effects profile for full information.

It has received Orphan Drug Designation and Fast Track Designation from the FDA for the treatment of Barth syndrome, a rare X-linked genetic disorder characterized by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, and neutropenia caused by mutations in the tafazzin gene that lead to defective cardiolipin remodeling.

Subsequent analyses and longer-term follow-up from open-label extension studies have provided additional evidence of clinical benefit, and the development program has continued under Larimar Therapeutics.

Received Orphan Drug Designation and Fast Track Designation for Barth syndrome.

relevant for myopathy indications) BNP or NT-proBNP (if cardiac indication) When: Baseline Why: Baseline cardiac function marker 💡 Key Considerations → Contraindication: Investigational drug; no established contraindications outside clinical trial protocols; injection site reactions are common Subscribe to unlock this content Get weekly peptide research summaries, new study alerts, and protocol updates — free.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review 14 min read Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Research review of anti-aging peptides organized by mechanism of action including senolytic peptides (FOXO4-DRI), telomere peptides (epitalon), mitochondrial peptides (SS-31, MOTS-c), tissue remodelers (GHK-Cu), and bioregulators (pinealon, thymalin).

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review 14 min read Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Research review of anti-aging peptides organized by mechanism of action including senolytic peptides (FOXO4-DRI), telomere peptides (epitalon), mitochondrial peptides (SS-31, MOTS-c), tissue remodelers (GHK-Cu), and bioregulators (pinealon, thymalin).

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review 14 min read Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Research review of anti-aging peptides organized by mechanism of action including senolytic peptides (FOXO4-DRI), telomere peptides (epitalon), mitochondrial peptides (SS-31, MOTS-c), tissue remodelers (GHK-Cu), and bioregulators (pinealon, thymalin).

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review 14 min read Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Research review of anti-aging peptides organized by mechanism of action including senolytic peptides (FOXO4-DRI), telomere peptides (epitalon), mitochondrial peptides (SS-31, MOTS-c), tissue remodelers (GHK-Cu), and bioregulators (pinealon, thymalin).

Definitive mapping of the 12 hallmarks of aging to specific peptide interventions including Epitalon, FOXO4-DRI, SS-31, MOTS-c, and NAD+.

Peptide Protocol Wiki February 13, 2026 Carnosine Epitalon FOXO4-DRI + 5 more You Might Also Like Related content you may find interesting Peptide Mitochondrial MOTS-c Article research-review SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review: Clinical Trials, Anti-Aging Data, and Regulatory Status Article research-review Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Article guide Peptide Therapy for Brain Health: Neuroprotection, Cognition, and Recovery Table of Contents What is SS-31?

Peptide Protocol Wiki February 13, 2026 Carnosine Epitalon FOXO4-DRI + 5 more You Might Also Like Related content you may find interesting Peptide Mitochondrial MOTS-c Article research-review SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review: Clinical Trials, Anti-Aging Data, and Regulatory Status Article research-review Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Article guide Peptide Therapy for Brain Health: Neuroprotection, Cognition, and Recovery Table of Contents What is SS-31?

Peptide Protocol Wiki February 13, 2026 Carnosine Epitalon FOXO4-DRI + 5 more You Might Also Like Related content you may find interesting Peptide Mitochondrial MOTS-c Article research-review SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review: Clinical Trials, Anti-Aging Data, and Regulatory Status Article research-review Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Article guide Peptide Therapy for Brain Health: Neuroprotection, Cognition, and Recovery Table of Contents What is SS-31?

Definitive mapping of the 12 hallmarks of aging to specific peptide interventions including Epitalon, FOXO4-DRI, SS-31, MOTS-c, and NAD+.

Restore access No thanks, continue reading Related Reading Peptide MOTS-c mitochondrial-derived metabolic peptide Peptide Cerebrolysin neuroprotective peptide mixture Article Mitochondrial Peptides: The Next Frontier in Longevity How SS-31 works at the cellular level Overview of SS-31 benefits and applications Scientific Details Molecular Formula C32H49N9O5 Molecular Weight 639.8 Da CAS Number 736992-21-5 Sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 What is SS-31? # SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide, Bendavia, and MTP-131) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide consisting of four amino acids arranged in an alternating aromatic-cationic motif: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, where Dmt represents 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine.

Peptide Protocol Wiki February 17, 2026 FOXO4-DRI Epitalon SS-31 + 6 more Guide 12 min read Peptide Therapy for Brain Health: Neuroprotection, Cognition, and Recovery Comprehensive guide to peptides for brain health covering neurotrophic factors, neuroprotective agents, anxiolytics, and experimental cognitive enhancers.

Includes cerebrolysin, semax, selank, BPC-157, dihexa, pinealon, SS-31, and rapastinel.

Includes cerebrolysin, semax, selank, BPC-157, dihexa, pinealon, SS-31, and rapastinel.

Includes cerebrolysin, semax, selank, BPC-157, dihexa, pinealon, SS-31, and rapastinel.

Includes cerebrolysin, semax, selank, BPC-157, dihexa, pinealon, SS-31, and rapastinel.

Includes cerebrolysin, semax, selank, BPC-157, dihexa, pinealon, SS-31, and rapastinel.

Includes cerebrolysin, semax, selank, BPC-157, dihexa, pinealon, SS-31, and rapastinel.

Peptide Protocol Wiki February 17, 2026 Cerebrolysin Semax Selank + 5 more Guide 16 min read The Hallmarks of Aging: Which Peptides Target Which?

Report an Error Compare SS-31 with Other Peptides SS-31 vs MOTS-c SS-31 is the more clinically advanced mitochondrial peptide with Phase 3 data and clear therapeutic applications in mitochondrial diseases;

MOTS-c represents a unique endogenous signaling peptide with promising metabolic applications that remain in early preclinical stages → Related Articles Research Review 9 min read SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review: Clinical Trials, Anti-Aging Data, and Regulatory Status Evidence-based review of SS-31 (Elamipretide) research across Barth syndrome, heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review 14 min read Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Research review of anti-aging peptides organized by mechanism of action including senolytic peptides (FOXO4-DRI), telomere peptides (epitalon), mitochondrial peptides (SS-31, MOTS-c), tissue remodelers (GHK-Cu), and bioregulators (pinealon, thymalin).

Definitive mapping of the 12 hallmarks of aging to specific peptide interventions including Epitalon, FOXO4-DRI, SS-31, MOTS-c, and NAD+.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Review 14 min read Anti-Aging Peptides by Mechanism: Senolytics, Telomeres, Mitochondria, and Hormones Research review of anti-aging peptides organized by mechanism of action including senolytic peptides (FOXO4-DRI), telomere peptides (epitalon), mitochondrial peptides (SS-31, MOTS-c), tissue remodelers (GHK-Cu), and bioregulators (pinealon, thymalin).