Review findings

e model) C57BL/6 mice with magnet-induced pressure ulcers Topical LL-37 20 μg (naked) or LL-37 20 μg in chitosan (CS) hydrogel Single/ongoing local application under ulcer bed (study period days up to 21) Groups n=6 per arm (as reported) LL-37/CS hydrogel reduced ulcer area vs controls: significant lower area on days 11 (84.24% ±0.25%), 13 (56.22% ±3.91%), 15 (48.12% ±0.28%).

PMID: 37480520): RCT of topical LL-37 cream in diabetic foot ulcers showed significantly greater granulation index increases versus placebo at multiple time points LL-37 cream increased granulation index at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 versus placebo IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, and aerobic colonization were not significantly reduced Related Reading # LL-37 research studies and evidence LL-37 dosing protocols LL-37 side effects profile KPV research guide TB500 research guide Stay current on LL-37 research We summarize new studies, safety updates, and dosing insights — delivered biweekly.

Restore access No thanks, continue reading Related Reading Peptide Thymosin Alpha-1 immune modulating peptide Peptide KPV anti-inflammatory tripeptide Peptide Glutathione master antioxidant tripeptide How LL-37 works at the cellular level Overview of LL-37 benefits and applications Scientific Details Molecular Formula C205H340N60O53 Molecular Weight 4493.33 Da CAS Number 154947-66-7 Sequence LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES What is LL-37? # LL-37 is a peptide that has been studied in preclinical and clinical research models for its potential therapeutic properties.

Restore access No thanks, continue reading Related Reading Peptide Thymosin Alpha-1 immune modulating peptide Peptide KPV anti-inflammatory tripeptide Peptide Glutathione master antioxidant tripeptide How LL-37 works at the cellular level Overview of LL-37 benefits and applications Scientific Details Molecular Formula C205H340N60O53 Molecular Weight 4493.33 Da CAS Number 154947-66-7 Sequence LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES What is LL-37? # LL-37 is a peptide that has been studied in preclinical and clinical research models for its potential therapeutic properties.

Larger, late-phase, placebo-controlled trials directly administering LL-37 are lacking, and some initiated studies have not yielded published results.

Evidence supports LL-37 as a functional CXCR2 ligand in neutrophils/monocytes, eliciting Ca2+ mobilization, ERK and PI3K signaling, chemotaxis, and angiogenic responses;

PMID: 16641434): LL-37 at 1 mg/kg IV reduced lethality and bacterial burden in rat sepsis models, with effects comparable to polymyxin B LL-37 significantly reduced lethality in rat gram-negative sepsis models Multi-log CFU reductions in blood, peritoneum, and organs Neutralized endotoxin and lowered TNF-alpha Oral intake of phenylbutyrate with or without vitamin D3 upregulates the cathelicidin LL-37 in human macrophages , published in BMC Pulmonary Medicine (Mily A et al., 2013;

COVID-19 (oral LL-37 via engineered probiotic): An open-label, single-arm preprint in 11 patients suggested tolerability and exploratory symptom improvements with transient serum LL-37 increases, but lacked controls and statistical power, precluding efficacy inference.

Key limitations, evidence gaps, and criticisms Sparse late-phase clinical trials: Beyond small Phase IIa/single-center studies in wounds, there is no robust Phase IIb/III dataset directly administering LL-37; unpublished follow-ons limit confidence.

By accumulating at membranes, LL-37 can allosterically modulate or mechanically perturb transmembrane domains and open channels such as TRPV2 and BKCa, resulting in Ca2+ influx/K+ efflux that favor migration and invasion; this non-orthosteric mode may explain broad receptor engagement and the activity of D‑enantiomers.

LL-37 also induces chemokines and mucins via EGFR–MAPK and PI3K–Akt pathways.

Embedded clinical-study summary Indication Modality Design / Phase N analyzed Dosing / Regimen Major endpoints Outcomes Safety notes NCT / Registration Notes / Limitations (citation) Venous leg ulcers Topical LL-37 cream Randomized, p

ic plurality—orthosteric GPCR activation, indirect transactivation, ion-channel modulation, and cargo delivery—explains LL-37’s broad repertoire across innate defense, tissue repair, autoimmunity, thrombosis, and cancer biology.

dding) → EGFR EGFR → MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt signaling Proliferation, migration, wound healing, epithelial repair TLR4 (neutralization) Monocytes, macrophages, endothelium LL-37 binds/neutralizes LPS or disrupts membrane TLR4 complex formation Reduced MyD88/NF-κB activation, lower MAPK signaling Anti-inflammatory effects; reduced LPS-driven cytokines and apoptosis TLR7/8/9 (nucleic acid complexing) Plasmacytoid DCs, keratinocytes, neutrophils LL-37 forms complexes with self/viral DNA/RNA and promotes endosomal delivery Endosomal TLR → IRF pathways (type I IFN), NF-κB → cytokine induction Type I IFN production, autoimmunity (e.g., psoriasis), enhanced antiviral sensing TRPV2 / BKCa (ion channels) Epithelial, cancer cells, glia Membrane perturbation or indirect activation by LL-37 → channel opening Ca2+ influx via TRPV2, BKCa-mediated K+ efflux; downstream MAPK signaling Enhanced migration, cell motility, invasion Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) Neutrophils, macrophages LL-37 interaction promotes integrin engagement Integrin signaling → cytoskeletal rearrangement Increased phagocytosis, adhesion, immune cell recruitment IGF1R / ErbB2 (cancer contexts) Tumor cells (various) Direct or indirect activation by LL-37 in select cancers PI3K/Akt, ERK; cross-talk with Wnt/β‑catenin reported Tumor cell proliferation, survival, metastasis promotion (context-dependent) Platelet GPVI Platelets Neutrophil-derived LL-37/CRAMP primes platelets via GPVI engagement Src / Syk → PLC → platelet activatio

Phase IIb reportedly initiated but unpublished Small trial size; dose‑response shows narrow therapeutic window; later-phase results not published Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) Topical LL-37 cream Randomized, double-blind controlled trial (single-center;

PMID: 9689116): Demonstrated that LL-37 is produced by airway epithelial cells, secreted onto the airway surface, and displays broad antimicrobial activity that synergizes with lactoferrin and lysozyme LL-37 is expressed and secreted by human airway epithelial cells Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity at the airway surface is salt-sensitive Activities of LL-37, a cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptide of human neutrophils , published in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (Turner J et al., 1998;

ient data to judge efficacy Underdocumented safety/efficacy due to tiny sample size NCT02225366 Extremely small N; results not widely reported/published; cannot assess benefit or tolerability robustly COVID-19 (cas001 probiotic delivering LL-37) Oral probiotic (Lactococcus lactis engineered to produce LL-37) Small-scale, single-arm exploratory safety study (open-label, preprint) 11 patients (mild COVID-19) 1×10^9 CFU/capsule, 3 capsules per dose, three times daily for 3 weeks Primary: safety/tolerability; exploratory clinical/symptom outcomes and LL-37 PK signals Reported good tolerability and some symptom/improvement signals, but uncontrolled and underpowered No adverse reactions reported in this small cohort; limited PK (serum LL-37 transient rise) data Preprint (medRxiv); registration/robust trial record unclear Single-arm, non-randomized, very small sample; high risk of bias; results preliminary and not peer-reviewed Evidence Gaps and Limitations # The current evidence base for LL-37 consists primarily of preclinical studies.

Preclinical skin repair: LL-37 enhances closure and angiogenesis markers in murine pressure ulcers; formulation (e.g., chitosan hydrogel) augments effect and biocompatibility.

Immune Support Healing & Tissue Repair KPV KPV (Lys-Pro-Val): alpha-MSH-derived anti-inflammatory tripeptide.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) RCT (Miranda et al., 2023) Clinical RCT (double-blind) Patients with DFU (wound area ≥2 cm2, mild infection allowed) Topical LL-37 cream 0.5 mg/g Applied twice weekly for 4 weeks (standard DFU care also given) Not reported in excerpt (registry N=40) Granulation index increase consistently greater in LL-37 group on days 7/14/21/28 (p = 0.031, 0.009, 0.006, 0.037 respectively).

rs → Explore Further Calculate LL-37 doses Pre-filled reconstitution and dose math for LL-37 New to peptides?

What is LL-37 used for in research?

LL-37: Antimicrobial Cathelicidin Peptide Guide | Peptide Protocol Wiki Skip to main content 🧬 Peptide Protocol Wiki Peptides Side Effects New Learn Directory Tools Blog News About ⌘K ⌘K 🌱 New to Peptides?

PMID: 37480520): RCT of topical LL-37 cream in diabetic foot ulcers showed significantly greater granulation index increases versus placebo at multiple time points LL-37 cream increased granulation index at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 versus placebo IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, and aerobic colonization were not significantly reduced Related Reading # LL-37 research studies and evidence LL-37 dosing protocols LL-37 side effects profile KPV research guide TB500 research guide Stay current on LL-37 research We summarize new studies, safety updates, and dosing insights — delivered biweekly.

n pathways Platelet activation, thrombosis and thrombo‑inflammation Intracellular GAPDH Epithelial and other cells LL-37 internalized via endocytosis (receptor- or membrane-mediated) → intracellular binding Modulation of p38 MAPK and other signaling cascades Altered inflammatory signaling, potential transcriptional/repair effects Therapeutic Applications # Therapeutic applications of LL-37 span wound healing, infectious disease immunomodulation/antiviral strategies, and early oncologic intralesional therapy.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.

A double-blind randomized trial tested a 0.5 mg/g LL-37 cream applied twice weekly for 4 weeks in DFU with standard care.

KPV occupies a narrower niche as a gut-focused anti-inflammatory tripeptide with promising preclinical data but no human evidence.

For antimicrobial and innate immunity research, LL-37 is the established compound.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 BPC-157 Thymosin Alpha-1 AOD-9604 + 16 more Guide 12 min read How to Read a Peptide COA: HPLC,

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 BPC-157 Thymosin Alpha-1 AOD-9604 + 16 more Guide 12 min read How to Read a Peptide COA: HPLC,

A phase I/II study of intratumoral LL-37 in stage IIIB–IVA melanoma (NCT02225366) was completed with a dose-finding objective.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.

Antimicrobial immune defense, wound healing, and infection recovery support 💉 Dosing Amount 100-200 mcg daily (SC); topical per formulation Frequency Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical) Duration 2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off 💊 Administration Route SC Schedule Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical) Timing No specific timing requirement ✓ Rotate injection sites 📅 Cycle Duration 2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off Rest Period 2 weeks off between cycles Repeatable Yes Preparation & Storage Diluent: Bacteriostatic water ⚗️ Suggested Bloodwork ( 6 tests) CBC with differential When: Baseline Why: Baseline immune cell counts CRP When: Baseline Why: Baseline inflammation CMP with liver and kidney function When: Baseline Why: Baseline organ function Vitamin D level When: Baseline Why: Vitamin D is a key regulator of LL-37 expression CBC When: 2 weeks Why: Monitor immune response CRP When: 2-4 weeks Why: Assess inflammatory response 💡 Key Considerations → Local injection site reactions (redness, burning) are common due to immune-stimulatory properties → Contraindication: Avoid in autoimmune conditions where immune stimulation may cause flares; use cautiously in patients with mast cell disorders Subscribe to unlock this content Get weekly peptide research summaries, new study alerts, and protocol updates — free.

Antimicrobial immune defense, wound healing, and infection recovery support 💉 Dosing Amount 100-200 mcg daily (SC); topical per formulation Frequency Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical) Duration 2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off 💊 Administration Route SC Schedule Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical) Timing No specific timing requirement ✓ Rotate injection sites 📅 Cycle Duration 2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off Rest Period 2 weeks off between cycles Repeatable Yes Preparation & Storage Diluent: Bacteriostatic water ⚗️ Suggested Bloodwork ( 6 tests) CBC with differential When: Baseline Why: Baseline immune cell counts CRP When: Baseline Why: Baseline inflammation CMP with liver and kidney function When: Baseline Why: Baseline organ function Vitamin D level When: Baseline Why: Vitamin D is a key regulator of LL-37 expression CBC When: 2 weeks Why: Monitor immune response CRP When: 2-4 weeks Why: Assess inflammatory response 💡 Key Considerations → Local injection site reactions (redness, burning) are common due to immune-stimulatory properties → Contraindication: Avoid in autoimmune conditions where immune stimulation may cause flares; use cautiously in patients with mast cell disorders Subscribe to unlock this content Get weekly peptide research summaries, new study alerts, and protocol updates — free.

dose: 200 mcg · cycle: Cycle · route: topical · frequency: daily · reconstitution: Bacteriostatic

A multicenter, phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (HEAL LL-37) evaluated topical LL-37 (0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL) twice weekly for 13 weeks plus compression in hard-to-heal VLUs (N≈149).

dose: 1.6 mg · route: topical · duration: for 13 weeks · frequency: twice weekly

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) RCT (Miranda et al., 2023) Clinical RCT (double-blind) Patients with DFU (wound area ≥2 cm2, mild infection allowed) Topical LL-37 cream 0.5 mg/g Applied twice weekly for 4 weeks (standard DFU care also given) Not reported in excerpt (registry N=40) Granulation index increase consistently greater in LL-37 group on days 7/14/21/28 (p = 0.031, 0.009, 0.006, 0.037 respectively).

dose: 0.5 mg · route: Topical · duration: for 4 weeks · frequency: twice weekly

Indication Study Type Model / Population Route & Dose Schedule / Duration N (per arm) Key Outcomes (quantitative) Safety / Adverse Events Venous leg ulcers — HEAL LL-37 (2021) Clinical RCT (phase IIb) Hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers (mean wound size 11.6 cm2; median duration 20.3 mo) Topical LL-37 0.5 mg/mL and 1.6 mg/mL (acetate) Twice-weekly local applications; randomized treatment period 13 weeks + 16-w

dose: 0.5 mg · route: Topical · frequency: weekly

Phase not specified) 25 randomized (13 LL-37, 12 placebo) 0.025 mL/cm2 applied topically, twice weekly for 4 weeks Granulation index (wound healing), wound area, wound-fluid IL-1α/TNF-α, aerobic bacterial colonization LL-37 group had faster granulation (100% by day 14 vs day 28 placebo); transient greater reduction in aerobic bacteria through day 21; cytokines no...

dose: 0.025 mL · duration: for 4 weeks · frequency: twice weekly

A double-blind randomized trial tested a 0.5 mg/g LL-37 cream applied twice weekly for 4 weeks in DFU with standard care.

dose: 0.5 mg · duration: for 4 weeks · frequency: twice weekly

lacebo-controlled Phase IIa (double-blind) ~34 (per review summary) Topical concentrations tested: 0.5, 1.6, 3.2 mg/mL Wound healing / granulation, reduction in wound area Significant improvement at 0.5 & 1.6 mg/mL vs placebo;

dose: 3.2 mg · route: Topical

PMID: 16641434): LL-37 at 1 mg/kg IV reduced lethality and bacterial burden in rat sepsis models, with effects comparable to polymyxin B LL-37 significantly reduced lethality in rat gram-negative sepsis models Multi-log CFU reductions in blood, peritoneum, and organs Neutralized endotoxin and lowered TNF-alpha Oral intake of phenylbutyrate with or without vitamin D3 upregulates the cathelicidin LL-37 in human macrophages , published in BMC Pulmonary Medicine (Mily A et al., 2013;

dose: 1 mg · route: IV

PMID: 23590701): PB 500 mg b.i.d. plus vitamin D3 5000 IU daily increased LL-37 transcript and peptide in macrophages and enhanced intracellular M. tuberculosis killing Phenylbutyrate plus vitamin D3 upregulated LL-37 in human macrophages Enhanced intracellular M. tuberculosis killing Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers , published in Wound Repair and Regeneration (Mahlapuu M et al., 2021;

dose: 500 mg · frequency: daily

PMID: 34687253): Phase IIb RCT of topical LL-37 in 149 patients with hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers showed no overall benefit but significant improvement in the large-ulcer subgroup at 0.5 mg/mL No significant improvement in the full study population Prespecified subgroup with ulcers =10 cm2: complete closure 28.1% vs 8.1% placebo (P=0.0458) Efficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer , published in Archives of Dermatological Research

dose: 0.5 mg · route: topical

e model) C57BL/6 mice with magnet-induced pressure ulcers Topical LL-37 20 μg (naked) or LL-37 20 μg in chitosan (CS) hydrogel Single/ongoing local application under ulcer bed (study period days up to 21) Groups n=6 per arm (as reported) LL-37/CS hydrogel reduced ulcer area vs controls: significant lower area on days 11 (84.24% ±0.25%), 13 (56.22% ±3.91%), 15 (48.12% ±0.28%).

dose: 20 μg · route: Topical

k follow-up 0.5 mg/mL N=46;

dose: 0.5 mg

Chronic ulcers: In VLUs, overall neutral primary analysis but significant benefits in large-ulcer subgroup at 0.5 mg/mL with acceptable local tolerability; in DFU, short-term granulation improvements without significant antimicrobial or cytokine effects.

dose: 0.5 mg

The LL-37/chitosan formulation was biocompatible in vitro, reduced LPS-stimulated TNF-α release (1–5 μg/mL), and inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth at 5 μg/mL.

dose: 5 μg

In a mouse pressure-ulcer model, a chitosan hydrogel encapsulating 20 μg LL-37 reduced ulcer area versus controls, with significantly smaller areas on days 11 (84.24%±0.25%), 13 (56.22%±3.91%), and 15 (48.12%±0.28%) relative to baseline, alongside increased epithelial thickness, capillary density, and upregulation of HIF-1α and VEGF-A in wound tissue.

dose: 20 μg

Prior first-in-man dosing suggested a bell-shaped response, with 0.5 mg/mL outperforming higher concentrations.

dose: 0.5 mg

However, in a prespecified subgroup with larger ulcers (≥10 cm²), LL-37 0.5 mg/mL improved multiple outcomes versus placebo: complete closure 28.1% vs 8.1% (P=0.0458), healing rate per day 0.0367 vs 0.0093 (P=0.0439), ≥50% area reduction 61.9% (P=0.0294) and ≥70% reduction 47.2% (P=0.0149).

dose: 0.5 mg

LL-37 1.6 mg/mL: 24.7%; placebo: 25.3%).

dose: 1.6 mg

In the full cohort, complete-closure proportions were similar across arms (LL-37 0.5 mg/mL: 26.5%;

dose: 0.5 mg

3.2 mg/mL showed no benefit and increased local inflammation Dose-dependent local inflammation at highest dose; limited published safety dataset No clear public NCT for Phase IIa;

dose: 3.2 mg

Venous leg ulcers: A prior randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase IIa trial reported significant healing benefits at 0.5 and 1.6 mg/mL, but not 3.2 mg/mL, where increased local inflammation was observed.

dose: 1.6 mg

LL-37/CS hydrogel biocompatible in vitro; no cytotoxicity to NIH3T3; anti-inflammatory effects (reduced LPS-induced TNF-α at 1–5 μg/mL); antibacter...

dose: 5 μg

1.6 mg/mL N=48; placebo N=50 Overall complete-closure estimates similar across groups: 26.5%, 24.7%, 25.3% (0.5, 1.6, placebo).

dose: 1.6 mg

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LL-37: Antimicrobial Cathelicidin Peptide Guide | Peptide Protocol Wiki Skip to main content 🧬 Peptide Protocol Wiki Peptides Side Effects New Learn Directory Tools Blog News About ⌘K ⌘K 🌱 New to Peptides?

Start the 7-step beginner guide Peptides Side Effects New Directory Learn Tools Blog News About LL-37 📋 Overview 🧬 Molecule 🔄 Similar ⚠️ Side Effects 💉 Dosing 🔬 Research 🚨 Risks 👥 Community 📊 Community Data Home Peptides LL-37 Immune Support Healing & Tissue Repair phase2 LL-37 Also known as: Cathelicidin, CAP-18, hCAP-18, Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Compare with 2 peptide s Research compiled by Peptide Protocol Wiki 📅 Updated February 1, 2026 Citations Verified TL;DR LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-amino acid alpha-helical peptide derived from the C-terminal of hCAP-18.

Browse all immune peptides → Table of Contents 📌 TL;DR • Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses • Modulates innate and adaptive immune responses • Promotes wound healing and angiogenesis in preclinical models • Neutralizes bacterial endotoxin (LPS) activity Community-Reported Side Effects Anecdotal ? 📋 Protocol Quick-Reference

ons were common but mostly mild, infections were uncommon and non-serious, and no deaths occurred (overall serious adverse events 7.4%).

Secondary sources note dermatologic local toxicities characteristic of intralesional agents; definitive efficacy conclusions cannot be drawn from available records.

Safety in rats at up to 100× the estimated clinical dose showed no toxicity; in limited human exposure no adverse reactions were reported.

Indication Study Type Model / Population Route & Dose Schedule / Duration N (per arm) Key Outcomes (quantitative) Safety / Adverse Events Venous leg ulcers — HEAL LL-37 (2021) Clinical RCT (phase IIb) Hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers (mean wound size 11.6 cm2; median duration 20.3 mo) Topical LL-37 0.5 mg/mL and 1.6 mg/mL (acetate) Twice-weekly local applications; randomized treatment period 13 weeks + 16-w

Dermatologic local toxicities have been described in broader literature for intralesional LL-37 approaches; detailed AE rates and systemic toxicity...

Preclinical: no adverse effects in rats at up to 100× estimated clinical dose.

In 11 human volunteers no adverse reactions reported during study pe...

Small samples and short follow-up: DFU and venous leg ulcer trials had modest Ns and short durations, hindering assessment of durability, recurrence, and rare adverse events.

symptoms; context-dependent oncologic activities raise caution for systemic/intratumoral use.

Priority gaps: Larger, multi-center Phase IIb/III trials in wound indications; rigorous pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and dose–response to avoid inflammatory toxicity; long-term safety; standardized, clinically meaningful endpoints; delivery/stability innovations validated in humans; head-to-head comparisons with standard of care; robust oncology trials with careful patient selection given pleiotropy.

No withdrawals; no major adverse events reported; formulation stability assessed (storage temp data) NCT04098562 Small sample, short follow-up (28 days); limited safety/long-term efficacy data; single-center Melanoma (intratumoral) Intratumoral LL-37 injections Phase 1/2 (safety/feasibility) pilot 4 enrolled (trial completed) Not publicly detailed in available records Safety / feasibility; exploratory antitumor signals Very limited public outcome reporting; insuffic

ient data to judge efficacy Underdocumented safety/efficacy due to tiny sample size NCT02225366 Extremely small N; results not widely reported/published; cannot assess benefit or tolerability robustly COVID-19 (cas001 probiotic delivering LL-37) Oral probiotic (Lactococcus lactis engineered to produce LL-37) Small-scale, single-arm exploratory safety study (open-label, preprint) 11 patients (mild COVID-19) 1×10^9 CFU/capsule, 3 capsules per dose, three times daily for 3 weeks Primary: safety/tolerability; exploratory clinical/symptom outcomes and LL-37 PK signals Reported good tolerability and some symptom/improvement signals, but uncontrolled and underpowered No adverse reactions reported in this small cohort; limited PK (serum LL-37 transient rise) data Preprint (medRxiv); registration/robust trial record unclear Single-arm, non-randomized, very small sample; high risk of bias; results preliminary and not peer-reviewed Evidence Gaps and Limitations # The current evidence base for LL-37 consists primarily of preclinical studies.

PMID: 37480520): RCT of topical LL-37 cream in diabetic foot ulcers showed significantly greater granulation index increases versus placebo at multiple time points LL-37 cream increased granulation index at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 versus placebo IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, and aerobic colonization were not significantly reduced Related Reading # LL-37 research studies and evidence LL-37 dosing protocols LL-37 side effects profile KPV research guide TB500 research guide Stay current on LL-37 research We summarize new studies, safety updates, and dosing insights — delivered biweekly.

What are the side effects of LL-37?

Reported side effects of LL-37 include local injection site reactions, adjacent skin reactions.

Most reported side effects are mild and transient.

Consult the detailed side effects profile for full information.

Covers actin regulation, wound healing, cardioprotective research, dosing, and side effects.

Dose-dependent inflammation/toxicity: High topical doses increased local inflammation in venous ulcers, signaling a narrow therapeutic window and immunostimulatory risks.

Antimicrobial immune defense, wound healing, and infection recovery support 💉 Dosing Amount 100-200 mcg daily (SC); topical per formulation Frequency Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical) Duration 2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off 💊 Administration Route SC Schedule Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical) Timing No specific timing requirement ✓ Rotate injection sites 📅 Cycle Duration 2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off Rest Period 2 weeks off between cycles Repeatable Yes Preparation & Storage Diluent: Bacteriostatic water ⚗️ Suggested Bloodwork ( 6 tests) CBC with differential When: Baseline Why: Baseline immune cell counts CRP When: Baseline Why: Baseline inflammation CMP with liver and kidney function When: Baseline Why: Baseline organ function Vitamin D level When: Baseline Why: Vitamin D is a key regulator of LL-37 expression CBC When: 2 weeks Why: Monitor immune response CRP When: 2-4 weeks Why: Assess inflammatory response 💡 Key Considerations → Local injection site reactions (redness, burning) are common due to immune-stimulatory properties → Contraindication: Avoid in autoimmune conditions where immune stimulation may cause flares; use cautiously in patients with mast cell disorders Subscribe to unlock this content Get weekly peptide research summaries, new study alerts, and protocol updates — free.

k follow-up 0.5 mg/mL N=46;

Safety appeared acceptable; follow-up was short and sample size small (single center).

Small samples and short follow-up: DFU and venous leg ulcer trials had modest Ns and short durations, hindering assessment of durability, recurrence, and rare adverse events.

No withdrawals; no major adverse events reported; formulation stability assessed (storage temp data) NCT04098562 Small sample, short follow-up (28 days); limited safety/long-term efficacy data; single-center Melanoma (intratumoral) Intratumoral LL-37 injections Phase 1/2 (safety/feasibility) pilot 4 enrolled (trial completed) Not publicly detailed in available records Safety / feasibility; exploratory antitumor signals Very limited public outcome reporting; insuffic

Antimicrobial immune defense, wound healing, and infection recovery support 💉 Dosing Amount 100-200 mcg daily (SC); topical per formulation Frequency Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical) Duration 2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off 💊 Administration Route SC Schedule Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical) Timing No specific timing requirement ✓ Rotate injection sites 📅 Cycle Duration 2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off Rest Period 2 weeks off between cycles Repeatable Yes Preparation & Storage Diluent: Bacteriostatic water ⚗️ Suggested Bloodwork ( 6 tests) CBC with differential When: Baseline Why: Baseline immune cell counts CRP When: Baseline Why: Baseline inflammation CMP with liver and kidney function When: Baseline Why: Baseline organ function Vitamin D level When: Baseline Why: Vitamin D is a key regulator of LL-37 expression CBC When: 2 weeks Why: Monitor immune response CRP When: 2-4 weeks Why: Assess inflammatory response 💡 Key Considerations → Local injection site reactions (redness, burning) are common due to immune-stimulatory properties → Contraindication: Avoid in autoimmune conditions where immune stimulation may cause flares; use cautiously in patients with mast cell disorders Subscribe to unlock this content Get weekly peptide research summaries, new study alerts, and protocol updates — free.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.

Peptide Protocol Wiki February 17, 2026 Thymosin Alpha-1 KPV LL-37 + 3 more Research Review 12 min read Antimicrobial Peptides: LL-37 and KPV in Infection and Inflammation Research LL-37 and KPV antimicrobial peptide research reviewed — mechanisms of action, infection defense, gut immunity, and anti-inflammatory pathways.

Peptide Protocol Wiki February 13, 2026 LL-37 KPV Glutathione + 1 more You Might Also Like Related content you may find interesting Peptide Immune KPV Peptide Immune Thymosin Alpha-1 Peptide Immune Glutathione Peptide Immune Larazotide Table of Contents What is LL-37?

Report an Error Compare LL-37 with Other Peptides LL-37 vs KPV LL-37 has a broader and more developed research base as the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, with direct pathogen-killing capab

For gut inflammation research specifically targeting NF-kappaB-mediated pathways, KPV offers a simpler, potentially orally bioavailable approach — but one that remains entirely preclinical. → LL-37 vs Thymosin Alpha-1 Thymosin Alpha-1 has a decisive advantage in clinical validation, with regulatory approval in over 35 countries and a well-characterized safety profile from decades of therapeutic use.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 30, 2026 BPC-157 Thymosin Alpha-1 AOD-9604 + 16 more Guide 12 min read How to Read a Peptide COA: HPLC,

Restore access No thanks, continue reading Related Reading Peptide Thymosin Alpha-1 immune modulating peptide Peptide KPV anti-inflammatory tripeptide Peptide Glutathione master antioxidant tripeptide How LL-37 works at the cellular level Overview of LL-37 benefits and applications Scientific Details Molecular Formula C205H340N60O53 Molecular Weight 4493.33 Da CAS Number 154947-66-7 Sequence LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES What is LL-37? # LL-37 is a peptide that has been studied in preclinical and clinical research models for its potential therapeutic properties.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.

PMID: 37480520): RCT of topical LL-37 cream in diabetic foot ulcers showed significantly greater granulation index increases versus placebo at multiple time points LL-37 cream increased granulation index at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 versus placebo IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, and aerobic colonization were not significantly reduced Related Reading # LL-37 research studies and evidence LL-37 dosing protocols LL-37 side effects profile KPV research guide TB500 research guide Stay current on LL-37 research We summarize new studies, safety updates, and dosing insights — delivered biweekly.

Peptide Protocol Wiki March 3, 2026 BPC-157 Semaglutide LL-37 + 1 more Research Review 12 min read Immune-Modulating Peptides: Thymosin Alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, and Beyond Comprehensive research review of immune-modulating peptides including thymosin alpha-1, KPV, LL-37, thymalin, VIP, and glutathione.